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​Barley: Chemistry and Technology

Barley: Taxonomy, Origin, Distribution, Production, Genetics, and Breeding
R.A. Nilan and S.E. Ullrich
Introduction
Taxonomy, History, Origin, and Evolution
Adaptation, Distribution, and Production
Cytology, Genetics, Cytogenetics
Breeding
Male-Sterile-Facilitated Recurrent Selection
Doubled-Haploid Breeding
Mutation
Breeding
Hybrid Barley
Future Directions

Formation of the Barley Grain-Morphology, Physiology, and Biochemistry
C.M. Duffus and M.P. Cochrane
Introduction
Embryo Development
Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Developing Embryo
Role of Nucellar Tissue in Grain Development
Development of the Testa or Seed Coat
Pericarp Development
Pericarp Photosynthesis
The Husk
Endosperm Development
Starchy Endosperm
Aleurone
Nutrient Supply to the Developing Caryopsis
Sucrose Metabolism
Grain Catabolic Processes
Overall Changes in Chemical Composition of Grains During Development and Maturation
 Sugars and Amino Acids
Starch, Protein, and Lipid
Mineral Elements
Composition of the Mature Grain
Environmental Effects on Grain Growth and Development
Conclusions

Carbohydrates of the Barley Grain
 A.W. MacGregor and G.B. Fincher
Introduction
Barley Starch
Amylose
Amylopectin
Starch Granules
Granule Size Distribution
Starch-Iodine
Interactions
Amylose Content of Barley Starch
Susceptibility of Starch Granules to Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Resistant Starch
Starch Gelatinization and Pasting
Cell Wall Polysaccharides
(1-3), (1-4)-ß-Glucans
Arabinoxylans
Cellulose
Glucomannans
(1-3)-ß-Glucans
Other Carbohydrates

Barley Seed Proteins
P.R. Shewry
Introduction
Classification of Barley Seed Proteins
Nonstorage Proteins
Albumins and Globulins
Glutelins and Residual Proteins
Amylase and Protein Z
Hordothionins; Endochitinases (Proteins C and T)
Protein Syntheses Inhibitors (Protein D)
Protease Inhibitors and Related Proteins
Aleurone-Specific Proteins
Miscellaneous Proteins of Known Function
Miscellaneous Proteins of Unknown Function
Storage Proteins
Globulin Storage Proteins
Prolamin Storage Proteins (Hordein) Seed Protein Polymorphism in Varietal Identification Fingerprinting Summary

Barley Lipids
W.R. Morrison
Introduction
Methods of Analysis
Lipids in the Whole Grain
Distribution of Lipids in the Caryopsis
 Nonstarch Lipids; Starch Lipids
Composition of Lipids
Fatty Acids in Nonstarch Lipids
Tocopherols
Fatty Acids in Starch Lipids
Enzymes Acting on Lipids
Lipase
Polar Lipid Acyl Hydrolase, Phospholipases-A and -B, and Lysophospholipase
Phospholipase-D
Lipoxygenase
Lipids in Developing Grain Changes in Lipids in Stored Grain Changes in Lipids in Germinating Barley Technological Aspects of Lipids
Interactions with Starch
Lipids in Brewing
Summary

Physiology and Biochemistry of Germination in Barley
G.B. Fincher and B.A. Stone
Introduction
Hormone Action
 Gibberellic Acid
Abscisic Acid
Aleurone Function During Germination
Morphological Changes
Biochemical Changes
Secretion of Enzymes; Role of Ca(2+)
Scutellar Function During Germination
Morphological Changes
Biochemical Changes
 Mobilization of Reserves in Starchy Endosperm
Cell Walls
Starch
Reserve Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Structure and Regulation of Genes Encoding Hydrolytic Enzymes
Gene Structure
Regulation of Gene Expression at the Transcriptional Level
Protection of the Grain Against Microbial and Insect Attack
Enzymes
Enzyme Inhibitors
Thionins
Potential of Genetic Engineering
Malt Extract
Diastase Activity

Malting Technology and Uses of Malt
C.W. Bamforth and A.H.P. Barclay
Introduction
Biochemistry and Chemistry of Malting
Steeping
Germination
Biochemistry of Modification
Kilning
Properties of Barley and Regard to its Maltability
Viability
Dormancy
Water Sensitivity
Evaluation and Selection of Barley for Malting
 Selection for Malting Quality in Breeding
Selection of Barley for Production Malting
Malting Technology
Barley Drying
Types of Storage
Steeping
Germination
Kilning
Uses for Malt
Brewing
Distilling
Vinegar
Other Food Uses

Nonmalting Uses of Barley
R.S. Bhatty
Introduction
Food Uses of Barley
Historical
Barley Food Products
Pearled Barley
Barley Milling
Barley Flour
Barley Bran
Malted and Germinated Barley Food Products
Industrial (Nonmalting)Utilization of Barley
Hypocholesterolemic Effects
Soluble Fiber
Animal and Human Feeding Experiments
Mechanisms
Feed Uses of Barley
Physical Factors
Chemical Factors
Protein
Lysine
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Polyphenols
Inhibitors
Barley for Poultry Feeding
Processing of Barley for Poultry Feed
Metabolizable Energy Content of Barley for Poultry
Barley for Laying Hens
Broiler Chicks
Mechanism of Action of ß-Glucan
Barley for Swine Feeding
Processing Barley for Swine Feeds
ß-Glucanase Treatment of Barley for Swine Feeds
Lysine Supplementation of Barley for Swine
Hull-less Barley for Swine Feeds
Barley for Ruminants
Conclusion and Future Directions

Potential Improvement of Barley Quality Through Genetic Engineering
 K.J. Kasha, D. E. Falk, and A. Ziauddin
Introduction
Potential Areas of Improvement for Malting, Brewing, Feed, and Food Uses
Comparison of Traits
Genetic Control of Quality Factors
Biotechnological Approaches to Genetic Modification of Barley
Molecular Technology
Plant Cell Cultures
Future Considerations

Whole-Crop Utilization of Barley, Including Potential New Uses
P. B. Petersen and L. Munch
Introduction
Barley as an Industrial Raw Material
Inventories to Ascertain the Potential Use of Barley and Other Cereals
Dry and Wet Milling of Barley for Starch
Utilization of Starch
Utilization of Cereal Straw
Chemical Composition
Botanical Components
Chemical Composition of Leaves and Internodes
Straw Milling and Fractionation
Uses of Mechanically Processed Fractions from Straw
Use of Straw Meal (Leaves) as Fodder
Use of Straw Meal for Energy
Realizing the Industrial Potential of Starch and Celllulose from Cereal Plants
Economic Considerations of the Use of Starch and Cellulose
Conclusion

Index

​"It is strongly recommended for those involoved in barley processing, and as a reference text on barely for food technologists in general."
-- Food Australia

"...a major contribution to economic botany."
-- Journal of Ethnobiology